Re: colibris

Envoyé par : Didier (Adresse IP journalisée)

Date : Thu 4 September 2003 09:40:03

Salut !

Pour fil, no problèmos, mon texte est utilisable. Mais à mon avis y-a moyent de trouver de meilleurs tournures. N'ésite pô à l'aménager. Tant que le sens n'en change pas.

Pour la litérature j'utilisais le guide "Papillons d'europe et d'afrique du nord" De Tolman T. et Lewington R. aux éditions delachaux pour l'identification. C'est un très bon livre et complet.

Mais depuis que les éditions parthénopes on sortie leur livre "Les papillons de jour de France, Belgique et Luxembourg et leurs chenilles" de Tristan LAFRANCHIS (http://www.biotope.fr/livrepapillon.htm), il me parait incontournable. C'est des photos, mais y-a de très bon schémas qui complêtent et most du most, des clefs d'identifications très précises pour les espèces à dificultées. En plus, il y a de très bonnes références concernant les milieux et les plantes nouricières, élément important quand on on s'intéresse à ces petites bêtes car les plantes sont souvent des indices qui nous guident dans nos recherches. Et en plus, les cartes sont à jours ! Et y-a toutes les chenilles de représentées.

Pour ce qui est de leur biologie, Le Chinery des éditions delachaux donne de bons éléments, bien que certaines choses sont à réviser contenue des découvertes récentes. Il a un désavantage, c'est qu'il est vieux et il y a quelques erreurs sur des noms d'espèces qui ont été rebatisées ou des ss espèces qui ont été séparés en espèces.

En ce qui concerne le site web, je ne connais pas d'équivalent en francais. On est très en retard face aux british dans ce domaine.

Il y a des éléments de biologie et des topos pour certaines espèces mais pas pour toutes. En ce qui concerne les sphynx ils ont tous un topos en cliquant sur le lien "know more about" en bas de la page.

Pour ASH;
Voilà le topo pour le fameux moro-shinx. Bon C en anglais, mais moi, j'y peut rien, faut ki s'réveillent nos entomologistes. sinon je peut essayer de faire une traduction pour ceux ki veulent. Mais ca vaudra ce que ca vaudra hein !

MACROGLOSSUM Scopoli, 1777
Macroglossum Scopoli, 1777, Introd. Hist. nat.: 414.
Type species: Sphinx stellatarum Linnaeus, 1758.

Bombylia Hübner, [1806], Tentamen determinationis digestionis....[1].
Psithyros Hübner, [1819], Verz. bekannter Schmett.: 132.
Bombylia Hübner, 1822, Syst.-alphab. Verz.: 10--13.
Macroglossa Boisduval, 1833, Nouv. Annls Mus. Hist. nat. Paris 2(2): 226.
Rhamphoschisma Wallengren, 1858, Oefvers. K. VetenskAkad. Förh. Stockh. 15: 139.
An Old World genus containing 80 tropical and subtropical species.

IMAGO:
Genal process very large, triangular. Distal margin of wings never dentate or lobate; forewing apex always pointed, but never falcate. Head broad, without distinct tuft. Antenna club-shaped in both @#$%&, tapering abruptly to a short hook. Terminal segment slender, long, almost filiform in some species, shorter in others. Eye with distinct pendant lashes. Labial palpus broad with porrect, pointed tip and triangular terminal surface. Thorax and abdomen broad, flattened; latter bears lateral and fan-tail tufts. Abdominal spines heavily chitinized as in Hemaris, arranged in several rows. First row rounder and broader than long, with exception of proximal segment. Seventh abdominal sternite triangular with a membranous, non-spinose apex in female (unlike Hemaris). Mid- and hindtibiae different in length, the midtibial spur with a comb of stiff bristles or spines. Midtarsus with basal comb. Spurs of hindtibia very unequal. Pulvillus present, paronychium with two pairs of lobes. Veins R2+R3 and R4 of forewing not joined distally as in Hemaris. Veins Rs and M1 of hindwing originating separately from upper angle of cell; M3 and Cu1 likewise never stalked.

OVUM:
Ovoid, small, pale yellow, or greenish yellow to green.

LARVA:
Head small, rounded, semi-oval or subquadrate. Thorax slightly tapering forward. Longitudinally striped and granulose; horn straight and erect. No eye-spots present.

PUPA:
Proboscis fused with body, but produced anteriorly, carinate. Dorsum of abdominal segments 1--5 flattened. Yellowish or brownish with black markings. Abdominal spiracles set in dark patches. Cremaster variable. In a loosely spun, silk cocoon on the ground.

HOSTPLANT FAMILIES:
Herbaceous plants, principally of the Rubiaceae, Valerianaceae and Caryophyllaceae.

MACROGLOSSUM STELLATARUM (Linnaeus, 1758)
Sphinx stellatarum Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (Edn 10) 1: 493.
Type locality: Unspecified [Europe].

Sphinx flavida Retzius, 1783, Genera Insectorum: 33.
Macroglossa nigra Cosmovici, 1892, Naturaliste 14: 280.

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFILIATION
Holarctic; Palaearctic (both eastern and western subregions). Pleistocene refuge: Polycentric -- probably several refugia, from the Mediterranean to the Sinopacific.

ADULT DESCRIPTION AND VARIATION
Wingspan: 40--45mm. A very distinct species confusable only with some freshly emerged Hemaris species which have not yet lost their wing scales. Not prone to much variation though sometimes very pale, albinistic specimens occur, as do individuals with blackish brown abdomens and hindwings (f. subnubila Schultz).

ADULT BIOLOGY
Diurnal. In behaviour, this moth is exceptional amongst European Sphingidae: whilst preferring to fly in bright sunlight, it will also take wing at dawn, at dusk or at night; in rain, or on cool, dull days. Very hot weather tends to induce a state of torpidity in many, with activity then confined to the relative cool of the morning and late afternoon. Herrera (1992) found maximum activity occurring between 18.00 and 20.00 hours in southern Spain. Whatever the flight-time, this species is very strongly attracted to flowers yielding plentiful supplies of nectar, such as Jasminum, Buddleja, Nicotiana, Tulipa, Primula, Viola, Syringa, Verbena, Echium, Phlox and Stachys, hovering in front of and repeatedly probing each bloom before darting rapidly to the next. A great wanderer, being present right across Europe from the alpine tree-line to city centres, wherever nectar flowers may be found. Its powers of flight are amazing, and have been studied in detail by Heinig (1987). Apparently, this species also has a fine memory, as individuals return to the same flower-beds every day at about the same time (Pittaway, 1993). (See also Heinig (1981a, 1984).)

When not feeding, pairs in courtship can be seen dashing up and down around steep cliffs, buildings, or over selected stretches of open ground. Pairs in copula can occasionally be found in such locations, although they seldom stay together for more than an hour. Whilst in copula, unlike other hawkmoths, this species is still capable of flight in a manner similar to butterflies. After a further period of feeding, gravid females search for patches of Galium growing in sunny locations. While hovering, each patch is carefully examined, sprig by sprig, before a single ovum is placed amongst the flower-buds. Up to 200 ova may be deposited by each female, therefore egg-laying can take a considerable time.

M. stellatarum is unique among sphingids of the region in overwintering as an adult, although north of the Alps very few survive. With the onset of cooler weather, individuals can be seen examining caves, rocky crags, empty houses, holes in trees or sheds, before selecting a suitable place for hibernation. This state of torpidity is not absolute, however, for warm days in December and January may bring some out to feed.

FLIGHT-TIME
Migrant and multivoltine. Over its southern range, most of the year in three or four broods, retiring into a state of semi-hibernation during winter. Farther north, migrants appear around about April or May, giving rise to two main generations, one in June, the other in August/September, with a number of smaller broods in between.

EARLY STAGES
OVUM: Almost spherical, approximately 1mm in diameter, glossy, pale green, resembling unopened flower-buds of Galium. This stage lasts from six to eight days.

LARVA: Full-fed, 45mm. Polymorphic.

Newly-hatched larvae are about 2--3mm in length, cylindrical and clear yellow. They eat copiously from the outset and so grow rapidly. In the second instar they assume their green coloration, covered with tiny yellow dots. A dark grey, cream-bordered, dorso-lateral line runs from head to horn, matched by an identical ventro-lateral band. The dorsal heart line is deep green; the tail horn purplish red with an orange tip. This pattern remains to the final instar, with only the predominant colour of the horn changing from reddish to blue with an orange tip. In some, however, the green body colour is entirely replaced by reddish brown, which effectively masks the final, pre-pupation, rich plum coloration.

Feeding takes place fully-exposed at the top of the plant, with no time preference being shown. When resting, or moulting, most larvae retire to within the bed of tangled stems. Often, several fully-grown specimens may be found in the company of a number of D. porcellus larvae; both share the same habitat preferences. With ample food and sunshine, this stage may be as short as 20 days. (See also Heinig (1981a, 1984).)

Can be found throughout the summer months, with two peaks of abundance in the north: one during May and June, the other during August. Occurs almost anywhere where Galium is present in open situations, i.e. commons, field edges, roadside verges, sand-dunes, railway embankments, and even high alpine meadows over its southern range.

Major Hostplants. Galium spp. and, from central Europe south, Rubia spp.

Minor Hostplants. Other Rubiaceae (Jaubertia (also known as Gaillonia) in Oman (Walker & Pittaway, 1987)), and Centranthus, Stellaria and Epilobium.

PUPA: 30--35mm. Pale translucent brownish cream, splashed with darker brown, especially on wings and spiracles. Proboscis prominent, keeled, laterally compressed, black along keel. Cremaster terminating in two sharp spines. Enclosed in a silken cocoon spun low down among the hostplant, or among debris on the ground. Does not overwinter.

PARASITOIDS
Ichneumonidae: Amblyjoppa fuscipennis (Wesmael), Ischnus migrator (Fabricius); Braconidae: Cotesia glomeratus (Linnaeus); Tachinidae: Exorista larvarum (Linnaeus), Oswaldia spectabilis (Meigen).

DISTRIBUTION
From southern Europe and North Africa to Central Asia, the Altai Mountains (Izerskiy, 1999), the Middle East and Pakistan. A noted summer migrant to the north. In the southernmost part of its resident range, confined to mountains, as in Iran and Oman. This is only one of two species of sphingid to have reached the Azores (Meyer, 1991).

Extra-limital range. The entire temperate Palaearctic Region as far east as Japan and the Russian Far East (Izerskiy, 1999). In winter, a migrant as far south as southern India and the Gambia in Africa.

A single specimen has been recorded from North America, from Unimak Island, Alaska. This was discovered during 1968 in a University of Washington collection curated by Mike van Buskirk. He had no idea when it had been collected but suspected between 1930 and 1950.

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Re: colibris